In the heart of Southwestern Kenya lies Lambwe Valley, where livestock provides a lifeline for many rural households. This is one reason why Dr Ivy Okello, a PASET-Regional Scholarship Innovation Fund (Rsif) recent PhD graduate decided to tackle African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) and its devastating effects on livestock production in the Lambwe community.
“In extreme cases, untreated animals may die, deepening the losses experienced by farmers. In a region like Lambwe Valley, where 15.63 per cent of cattle were found to be infected, the effects of AAT are stark. As cattle provide both milk and traction power for farming, any decline in their health directly impacts food production,” Dr Okello explains.
Dr Okello’s research dives into the effects of AAT, and identifying possible solutions to improve livestock productivity and, by extension, food security in the Lambwe community. Her key message is that the health of livestock is tied to food security, and we must not overlook that connection.
The implications of AAT extend beyond the individual farm and the effects are beyond reduced milk and meat production. This is because most farmers in rural communities rely on livestock to plough their lands. “Most households depend on animal traction for ploughing fields,” Dr Okello points out. “When animals are sick or die, it not only impacts food production but also increases the labour burden on families.”
AAT does not only affect Lambwe Valley but also countries with livestock-based agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, by causing low milk production, increased risk of infection by other diseases, low live weight gain, reduced fertility and mortality if not treated.
In the Lambwe community Dr Okello found that many farmers resort to self-treatment for their livestock, which often results in improper use of drugs and ineffective disease control due to poverty and lack of access to veterinary services. This negatively impacts effectiveness of disease control as most control measures will not work as predicted. It would also lead to persistence of AAT in such regions despite livestock receiving treatment. Another barrier that farmers face, according to Dr Okello’s research findings include poor access to veterinary care, the high cost of treatment, and the proximity of livestock to tsetse-infested wildlife areas. “Communal grazing and the closeness to national parks expose cattle to more tsetse fly bites, increasing the risk of AAT,” she notes.
Dr Okello recommends a mix of policy changes and community education. Key among her recommendations is to reduce communal grazing near wildlife areas, strengthen community-based disease control strategies. She also proposes integrated disease management practices, that combine drug treatment with effective vector control.
Just as this year’s World Food Day, Dr Okello also stresses the importance of building resilient food systems, and in her case, controlling AAT, can safeguard livestock health and ensure a steady supply of milk and meat for rural households in the Lambwe Valley.”
Dr Okello’s work is a powerful wakeup call that by tackling AAT, we can move closer to ensuring food security for the millions of people who rely on livestock for their survival. It also underscores the importance of regional research and training programmes like the PASET-Rsif in nurturing the next generation of scientists and leaders for Africa.
This week marking the International Day of the Girl Child, we celebrate not just the dreams of girls worldwide but the women who are making those dreams a reality. Today, we highlight an inspiring journey of The Regional Scholarship and Innovation Fund (Rsif) scholar, Dr Jeanne Pauline Munganyika whose groundbreaking research is paving the way for future generations of girls to succeed in fields once dominated by men. Her work is paving the way for young girls in Rwanda and beyond to imagine new possibilities for their future.
Q: Can you tell us a bit about your journey into research? What inspired you to pursue a career in material engineering?
A: My journey into research began with a deep curiosity about materials and their extraction processes. By visiting mining sites in Rwanda, I witnessed the challenges faced by artisanal miners — the way they work hard but the product is not enough. I was also surprised that the sector had wide gender gap. All these ignited my passion for pursuing this career and developing environmentally friendly methods for mineral extraction as well as valorizing the mining tailings to add value to the minerals we have.
I am a PhD holder and researcher in Materials Science and Engineering with a specialization in Mineral Processing. My goal is to modernize the gold mining industry across Africa, making it more sustainable and beneficial for local communities. I am also doing research on the gold mine tailings valorization to be used as a secondary source of gold.
Attaining my PhD has been a lifelong dream, and the Rsif scholarship has been pivotal in turning that dream into reality. The knowledge and skills I’ve gained have empowered me to make meaningful contributions to my field.
Q: Were there any challenges you faced along the way in STEM? How did you overcome them?
A: The journey has not been without challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted my research productivity. I faced the dual challenge of balancing motherhood with my academic responsibilities. The closure of laboratories and childcare facilities disrupted my research and writing processes. During shipment of samples from Rwanda to the US, my samples were lost in transit, and because of the pandemic, it wasn’t easy to find them, and this affected my research work. My determination to contribute to sustainable development kept me motivated.
Q: Can you briefly explain your current research and what inspired you to choose this field?
A: My research focuses on developing environmentally friendly methods for gold extraction, aimed at improving artisanal mining practices as well as using gold mine tailings as a secondary resource of gold in Rwanda and in Sub-Saharan Africa. I was inspired by the need to reduce pollution, waste, and enhance resource recovery in a sector that often operates under difficult conditions. By recommending modern, sustainable techniques for gold recovery, I aim to help miners benefit more from their hard work and improve their livelihoods.
Jeanne Pauline Munganyika at WPI laboratory.
Q: How do you see your research contributing to solving real-world problems, particularly in Africa or other developing regions?
A: I see my research contributing to real-world solutions by addressing significant issues related to artisanal mining, where miners often work in unhealthy environments with outdated methods. Where the use of poor processing methods leads to the loss of gold in the tailings. By developing new, sustainable techniques, I hope to empower local communities economically and environmentally, driving sustainable development in my country, Rwanda.
Q: What role has Rsif played in your achievement?
A: Rsif has been crucial in my academic journey, providing the financial support and resources needed to pursue my PhD. It enabled me to study at African University of Science and Technology in Abuja and participate in a sandwich programme at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) Worcester, Massachusetts, US, gaining valuable international experience and access to advanced research facilities. This support has been instrumental in helping me stay focused on my goals despite the challenges posed by the pandemic.
Linking Research to the Empowerment of Girls
Q: In what ways do you think your research could impact or empower girls and women, either directly or indirectly?
A: My research serves as a powerful example of women leading in STEM fields. By showcasing successful innovations in mining, I aim to inspire girls to pursue education and careers in science and technology. Additionally, my work emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices, demonstrating that science can improve lives and contribute to community development, especially in mining sectors dominated by men.
Q: Do you believe your work can help inspire more young girls to pursue education and careers in STEM? If so, how?
A: I believe my work can inspire more young girls to pursue education and careers in STEM. I used to do this by sharing my journey and research outcomes through workshops, community outreach, and mentorship programmes, I hope to motivate young girls to consider STEM careers, showing them that dedication and innovation can pave the way for success.
Inspiration and Mentorship:
Q: As a successful scholar, what advice would you give to young girls who dream of pursuing higher education and careers in sciences?
A: My advice to young girls dreaming of pursuing higher education and careers in sciences is to believe in their abilities and surround themselves with supportive mentors. Embrace challenges as opportunities for growth, stay curious, and remain committed to your passions. Remember that persistence is key, and don’t hesitate to seek help when needed.
Q: Do you have a female mentor who has influenced your career path? How important do you think role models are for young girls?
A: I have been fortunate to have mentors who guided me through my academic journey, my supervisor Prof Grace Ofori-Sarpong. She was my role model and quietly provided inspiration and practical guidance. When I follow her work, I feel motivated.
Celebrating International Day of the Girl Child
Q: What does the International Day of the Girl Child mean to you, and how do you connect it to your work or personal journey?
A: The International Day of the Girl Child is a vital reminder of the importance of empowering girls and advocating for their rights. It resonates deeply with my mission to inspire and uplift women in STEM. This day emphasizes the need for equitable education and opportunities, reinforcing my commitment to advocating for girls’ access to science and technology education.
Q: How do you envision your research contributing to a better future for the next generation of girls?
A: I envision my research fostering an environment where girls feel empowered to pursue careers in STEM. By demonstrating the relevance of science in solving real-world problems, I hope to create pathways that encourage future generations of girls to thrive in these fields, ultimately leading to a more equitable and innovative society.
Future Aspirations
Q: What are your future goals for your research, and how do you hope it will continue to create change or drive impact?
A: My future goals include expanding my research on sustainable mining practices and collaborating with local communities to implement the technologies I develop. I also aspire to create educational programmes that empower women in mining and science, ensuring they have access to training and resources.
Q: How would you like to see more women and girls supported in STEM or academic research in the future?
A: I would like to see increased initiatives focused on mentorship, scholarships, and training specifically for women and girls in STEM. Establishing networks that connect aspiring female scientists with established professionals can foster a supportive environment that encourages their growth and success in academia and research. Together, we can build a future where women in Africa are equally represented in science and technology, making significant contributions to the continent’s development.
Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic, and research related issues, balancing my responsibilities as a mother and a researcher, I remain committed to my goals. I believe my hard work and perseverance will ultimately lead to successful outcomes, allowing me to contribute to the development of Rwanda and inspire future generations of women in STEM.
On this week of the International Day of the Girl Child, we laud not just the dreams of girls worldwide but the women who are making those dreams a reality. Today, we highlight an inspiring Regional Scholarship Innovation Fund (Rsif) scholar Dr Tusekile Alfredy whose groundbreaking research is paving the way for future generations of girls. Their work is not just reshaping science but empowering young girls to imagine new possibilities for their futures. We sat down with Dr Tusekile Alfredy for this interview.
Q: Can you tell us a bit about your journey into research? What inspired you to pursue a career in Material Science and Engineering?
A: My research journey is deeply rooted in personal experiences and the challenges I faced when growing up. I am Dr Tusekile Alfredy, and I pursued both my MSc and PhD in Materials Science and Engineering at the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology. My research focuses on water treatment, specifically using cost-effective materials sourced locally and transforming waste into valuable resources.
I was inspired to explore water treatment due to the struggles I experienced growing up in a village where access to clean and safe drinking water was a constant challenge. In my village, we had only two water options: the river and the spring. Although people believed that spring water was clean and safe due to its clear appearance, in reality, we had no proper treatment methods. River water, which was used for domestic purposes, required long journeys to fetch. My sisters and I would walk hours each day to bring water home, a burden that typically fell on women and girls in many African cultures.
Three key words—health, gender, and education—always come to mind when I think about water. These experiences ignited my passion for water research. Growing up in an area affected by high fluoride levels in the water further fueled my dedication. Fluoride contamination in Arusha, especially in the Meru district, causes significant health issues such as dental fluorosis, a condition that affected my own daughter. Watching her teeth change color daily was alarming, and I realized the connection to fluoridated water. I switched to bottled water for her, which ultimately inspired my PhD research on fluoride removal. Facing these real-life challenges motivated me to focus on developing effective water treatment methods, hoping to alleviate water scarcity and protect people from water-related health issues.
Q: Were there any challenges you faced along the way, in STEM? How did you overcome them?
A: Yes, challenges in research are inevitable, especially when balancing the roles of a mother, wife, and researcher. It can be quite demanding, but all of these roles are incredibly important to me. To overcome these challenges, I firmly committed to myself that nothing would stand in the way of achieving my dreams. With careful planning, I worked to balance my responsibilities, and through perseverance and faith, I managed them successfully.
DrTusekeli Alfredy busy in the laboratory.
Q: Can you briefly explain your current research and what inspired you to choose this field?
A: Currently, I am a project investigator of the project titled “Flow Capacitive Deionization for Green Removal and Recovery of Ammonium from Wastewater” which aims to contribute in addressing the challenge of costly and energy intensive removal and recovery of ammonium/ammonia from wastewater using a chemical-free and low-energy technology known as flow capacitive deionization (FCDI).
What inspired me to pursue this research is the dual benefit it offers. The process removes ammonia from wastewater and recovers it, providing both environmental and economic advantages. This approach allows for the simultaneous treatment of wastewater and the collection of concentrated ammonia, creating a circular economy solution that is both sustainable and efficient.
Q: How do you see your research contributing to solving real-world problems, particularly in Africa or other developing regions?
A: In developing countries like Tanzania, where agriculture is the backbone of the economy, fertilizers are essential for achieving high crop yields. My research on the recovery of ammonia using an energy-efficient Flow Capacitive Deionization (FCDI) system at a larger scale offers a promising solution for locally producing fertilizers. This initiative has the potential to greatly improve agricultural productivity, reduce reliance on imported fertilizers, and enhance food security. By aligning with the agricultural priorities of Tanzania and other Sub-Saharan African nations, this project directly supports economic development goals and contributes to the region’s efforts toward sustainable growth.
Linking Research to the Empowerment of Girls
Q: In what ways do you think your research could impact or empower girls and women, either directly or indirectly?
A: My research has the potential to empower girls and women both directly and indirectly in several meaningful ways.
Water Access and Health: In many developing regions, women and girls are often responsible for fetching water. By developing efficient and sustainable water treatment solutions like Flow Capacitive Deionization (FCDI), we can improve water quality and reduce the time and effort needed to access safe drinking water. This would alleviate the daily burden of water collection, freeing up time for education, personal development, and economic activities.
Agricultural Empowerment: By promoting the local production of fertilizers from recovered ammonia, the project can enhance agricultural productivity. Since many women in rural areas are engaged in farming, access to affordable, locally-produced fertilizers could help improve their crop yields and income. Empowering women in agriculture can contribute to their financial independence and enhance food security for their families and communities.
Role Models in STEM: As a woman leading a research project in STEM, my work could inspire and encourage other women and girls to pursue careers in science and engineering. By demonstrating the impact of women’s contributions to solving real-world challenges, I hope to motivate more women to enter and excel in fields where they are often underrepresented.
Q: Do you believe your work can help inspire more young girls to pursue education and careers in STEM? If so, how?
A: Yes, I strongly believe that my work can help inspire more young girls to pursue education and careers in STEM. There are several ways in which this research and my own journey can serve as a source of inspiration;
Representation and Role Modeling: Seeing women leading innovative research projects in STEM can be a powerful motivator for young girls. My journey from a village with limited resources to becoming a researcher tackling global environmental challenges shows that it is possible for women to excel in STEM. When girls see someone they can relate to, it can help break the stereotype that STEM fields are only for men.
Relevance to Real-World Issues: The research I am engaged in directly addresses real-world problems, such as water purification and sustainable agriculture, which are particularly relevant to communities in developing regions. Demonstrating the tangible impact STEM can have on improving people’s lives and the environment can inspire girls to pursue careers in fields where they can make a meaningful difference.
Dr Tusekeli Alfredy is an inspiration to many girls in Tanzania.
Inspiration and Mentorship:
Q: As a successful scholar, what advice would you give to young girls who dream of pursuing higher education and careers in sciences?
A: My advice to young girls who dream of pursuing higher education and careers in the sciences would be; to believe in themselves; girls should believe that they can achieve their goals, no matter how challenging they may seem. Sometimes, they can face obstacles, but trust in their abilities and stay focused on their dreams. Confidence in their potential is the key to pushing through difficult moments. Additionally, they should remain curious and never stop learning; science is all about curiosity and discovery. They should keep asking questions, stay open to learning new things, and don’t be afraid to explore areas that interest them. Each challenge they encounter will teach them something valuable that will bring them closer to their goals.
Q: Do you have a female mentor who has influenced your career path? How important do you think role models are for young girls?
A: Yes, I do have a female mentor who has significantly influenced my career path; Professor Tatiana Pogrebnaya. She was my supervisor during my MSc studies, but beyond that, she became a mentor and a mother figure to me. Her constant encouragement, leadership, and support were key to my academic journey. Whenever I faced challenges in my research, she knew how to lift my spirits and guide me through difficult times, always fostering an environment where I could excel.
Mentors are incredibly important, especially for young girls in STEM. They provide guidance encouragement, and serve as role models, helping to shape the next generation of researchers and pushing the boundaries of successful research even further. A mentor can inspire confidence and resilience, which are essential for overcoming challenges in the field.
Celebrating International Day of the Girl Child:
Q: What does the International Day of the Girl Child mean to you, and how do you connect it to your work or personal journey?
A: The International Day of the Girl Child holds profound personal significance for me, as it evokes memories of my own childhood and the challenges I witnessed. I remember that my mother was unable to read because she was not allowed to attend school and was forced into marriage, while my uncles had access to education. This day serves as a powerful reminder that girls have the right to education and should be empowered equally, just as boys are.
Additionally, during my secondary school years, I was often told that girls could not excel in science subjects. I was determined to challenge that notion and prove that it is indeed possible. I vividly recall that during my bachelor’s degree in mathematics, only three girls were among 30 students in the class. The International Day of the Girl Child is important to me because it symbolizes the progress and value of being a woman and reinforces the need for equal opportunities for girls, especially in education and STEM fields.
Q: How do you envision your research contributing to a better future for the next generation of girls?
A: I envision my research contributing to a better future for the next generation of girls by addressing real-world problems that directly impact their lives. By developing sustainable and effective solutions to challenges such as water scarcity and pollution, I hope to inspire young girls to engage with these issues and empower them to advocate for change.
I see myself as a role model and an ambassador for girls who have not fully realized their rights. My work aims to demonstrate that through education and innovative research, we can create a future where girls are not only empowered but also equipped to overcome the challenges that previous generations have faced. By paving the way for improved access to clean water and sustainable resources, I hope to contribute to a world where the next generation of girls can thrive and realize their full potential.
Future Aspirations:
Q: What are your future goals for your research, and how do you hope it will continue to create change or drive impact?
A: My future goal in research is to become a leading female researcher known for innovative findings that address real-world challenges facing both local communities and the global population. I aspire to be a researcher who is adaptable to market needs, transforming ideas into viable solutions that contribute to economic development within my country.
Additionally, I hope to collaborate with researchers and institutions in developed countries to learn from their advancements and adopt practices that can significantly enhance the well-being of my community. By bridging the gap between innovative research and practical applications, I aim to drive meaningful change and create a lasting impact through my work.
Q: How would you like to see more women and girls supported in STEM or academic research in the future?
A: I would like to see more women and girls supported in STEM and academic research through targeted initiatives that address both practical challenges and cultural barriers. This includes encouraging girls from a young age to explore STEM fields by providing access to resources, hands-on science programs, and strong role models. Implementing gender-sensitive policies, such as flexible work schedules, parental leave, and childcare support in academic institutions, is essential to help women balance their careers with personal responsibilities. Establishing networks and professional associations for women in STEM is also vital for fostering collaboration and mentorship. Furthermore, allocating specific funding and grants for women-led research projects, particularly in fields like water treatment and sustainability, will drive impactful innovation. Showcasing successful women in STEM as role models can inspire the next generation, while supporting STEM programs in underserved areas will help bridge educational gaps and empower girls from diverse backgrounds to pursue careers in science and technology.
The Regional Scholarship Innovation Fund (Rsif) Regional Coordination Unit International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) paid a visit to Makerere University, located in Uganda’s capital, Kampala for a physical monitoring and evaluation. Makerere is one of the 15 Rsif African Host Universities (AHU).
The visit’s purpose was to give technical support in the ongoing selection and shortlisting process of Rsif cohort 6 scholarship applications and discuss the implementation status and progress of the ongoing PASET-Rsif funded PhD students at the Makerere University Regional Centre for Crop Improvement (MaRCCI).
The Director of the Makerere University Directorate of Research and Graduate Training, Prof Robert Wamala
At hand to receive the delegation Dr Richard Edema, MaRCCI Director and a senior lecturer at the Department of Agricultural Production Makerere University and and Dr Dramadri Isaac Onziga, Team leader Research at MaRCCI and lecturer in Department of Agricultural Production.
The meeting began with presentations from Rsif scholars on the progress of their work, accomplished tasks, and workplans for remaining activities.
Rsif team led by Dr Evelyn Nguku who is the capacity-building specialist, then met Prof Robert Wamala , the Director Makerere University Directorate of Research and Graduate Training, who welcomed the group and took them through the institution’s rich history and hailed the partnership.
Rsif delegation in a group photo with Makerere University faculty members.
“We have 68 centres of excellence in Makere University so you are in good ground when it comes to quality research. It is ranked as number one in Uganda,” Prof Wamala stated adding that the university also has several state-of-the-art facilities across different departments.
“So far the Department of Agriculture has the highest number of PhD enrolment, so Rsif scholars are in good hands when it comes to quality mentorship,” Prof Wamala said.
According to Dr. Nguku, there have been 282 scholars since the programme’s inception, and the selection process for cohort 6 is currently underway.
“We have about 40 scholars who have graduated across cohorts 1 – 3, and a big percentage of these graduates get absorbed in meaningful employments in their countries,” Dr Nguku stated.
Dr Edema emphasized that the rigorous selection process keeps building the institutions’ capacity to produce more PhDs for the continent. “PhD is the engine that this continent needs to progress,” he said.
He added that “The Rsif students that come to MaRCCI also get the opportunity to take more additional short trainings offered by the RCU. We also ensure timely completion, which is also our strength.”
On his part, Dr Onziga stated that the students he is supervising are all on course and will complete in time.
The Regional Scholarship Innovation Fund (Rsif) Regional Coordination Unit International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) conducted a physical monitoring and evaluation field visit to Haramaya University, located in Eastern Ethiopia. Haramaya is one of the 15 Rsif African Host Universities (AHU).
The visit’s purpose was to discuss the ongoing selection and shortlisting process of Rsif cohort 6 scholarship applications, implementation status and progress of the ongoing PASET-Rsif funded PhD students at the university’s Africa Centre of Excellence for Climate Smart Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation (ACE Climate SABC).
The AHUs host Rsif sponsored PhD scholars in five priority thematic areas, including ICT including big data and artificial intelligence, Food security and agri-business, Minerals, mining and materials engineering, Energy including renewables and Climate change within the universities.
The team led by Dr Evelyn Nguku who is the capacity-building specialist, met the President of Haramaya University, Dr Jamal Yousuf (Associate Professor) and discussed the progress of Rsif scholars undertaking PhD in Climate Smart Agriculture and Biodiversity Management. They also discussed the development of future collaboration, including research and innovation projects.
Speaking during the occasion, Dr Yousuf stated that Haramaya University offers quality education and cutting-edge research and the university has received requests for collaboration in research from institutions across the world.
“We are happy the collaboration with Rsif programme has enabled several Ethiopian students to benefit from this scholarship,” he stated.
He added that education is a priority in Ethiopia and hopefully the Ethiopian Government will join other African countries as a contributing nation to the Rsif Project.
Rsif team led by Dr Evelyn Nguku, the capacity-building specialist, met the President of Haramaya University, Dr Jamal Yousuf.
The delegates participated in a campus tour to various laboratories led by Dr Tesfaye Lemma Tefera, Associate Professor of Rural Development and Agriculture Extension and the Rsif co-coordinator at Haramaya University, Dr Bobe Bedadi, the Deputy Centre Leader and Training Research Head and Dr Mulugeta Damie Watabaji, Project Manager at ACE Climate SABC.
On his part, Dr Tefera said the university has so far received two cohorts of Rsif scholars and all have successfully finished their coursework and defended their proposals.
Dr Bedadi took the Rsif delegation through a brief overview of Haramaya University’s milestones and mentioned that they are ensuring that they produce competent graduates. He also stated that the collaboration with Rsif has enabled them to have students from West Africa. “Initially, we had students coming from Eastern and Southern parts of Africa, but because of Rsif Programme, we now have students from Western Africa,” he stated.
Dr Watabaji said the university has several well-equipped laboratories that support various research projects undertaken by the students.
On her part, Dr Nguku mentioned Rsif’s objective of bridging the PhD gap in Africa in the Applied Sciences, Engineering, and Technology (ASET) to support the broader objective of the continent.
“Rsif is contributing to the wider vision of PASET of producing 10,000 doctoral graduates in a decade,” Dr Nguku stated.
“We look at the quality of graduates, timely completion of the PhD programme and fostering partnerships between universities and the private sector/industries to find solutions to local challenges,” Dr Nguku stated and added that the laboratories at Haramaya University are undertaking cutting-edge research, and Rsif is confident its scholars will be mentored and be competent in their specific research areas.
Dr Nguku and the Rsif delegation also had the opportunity to meet Kenyan graduate students studying in the university’s Africa Centre of Excellence for Climate Smart Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation.
More similar visits are being conducted across other AHUs.
The Regional Scholarship Innovation Fund (Rsif) Regional Coordination Unit International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) conducted a physical monitoring and evaluation field visit to Kenyatta University (KU), located in Kenya’s capital Nairobi. KU is one of the 15 Rsif African Host Universities (AHU).
The visit’s purpose was to discuss the implementation status and the progress of the PASET-Rsif funded PhD students of Material Science and Engineering at the Physics department of the university. The AHUs host Rsif sponsored PhD scholars in five priority thematic areas, including ICT including big data and artificial intelligence, Food security and agri-business, Minerals, mining and materials engineering, Energy including renewables and Climate change within the universities. They also undertake projects with support from the research and innovation grants.
There were also updates from the faculty on the performance of the research and Innovation projects funded by Rsif. Scholars were also given the opportunity to discuss any challenges experienced and remedial actions were put in place.
Kenyatta University Deputy Vice Chancellor Prof Caroline Thoruwa during the meeting with Rsif team.
The Deputy Vice Chancellor, Prof Caroline Thoruwa hailed the model of sandwich placement which she said works well since it gives the students an opportunity to visit other labs across the world.
“The collaboration with icipe goes for many years and is something we are happy about since this programme makes our students very visible,” Prof Thoruwa stated.
“It is an amazing programme since the students get exposed to the best mentoring opportunity. We are looking forward to strengthening this collaboration,” she added.
Rsif Regional Coordination Unit International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) team following presentation when they visited Kenyatta University, one of the 15 African Host Universities ( AHU)
Speaking during the meeting, the Executive Dean in the School of Pure and Applied Sciences Dr Mathew P. Ngugi stated that “The research the students do make impact in the community level and it can be translated to improve lives.”
Dr Walter Njoroge who is Rsif AHU coordinator Physics Department, stated that their dream is to make physics department a centre of excellence and they are on course as far as Rsif scholars progress is concerned.
“About five of our Rsif scholars will be graduating next year and members of staff in the physics department are doing their best. The material science students will graduate on time.
Kenyatta University faculty members follow proceedings of the meeting with Rsif team when they visited the institution.
Prof Raphael Nyenge, Chairperson, the Chairperson Physics Department said, “We channelled the innovation grant in the direction of cancer and diabetes research, and it will be a game changer in people’s lives.”
On his part Dr Julius Ecuru, Manager for Rsif Regional Coordination Units at icipe thanked Kenyatta University for the partnership, adding that their efforts to ensure quality PhD graduates is commendable.
“So far, Rsif has 282 scholars registered in the 15 AHUs. He added that Rsif has 32 international partner institutes across the world. “What we look forward to is closing the skills gap in applied sciences and engineering and PhD is one of the gateways to achieving that,” Dr Ecuru stated.
“Three things we look out for are quality of our scholars to be well rounded and competitive in the labour market; Timely completion of their studies within the stipulated time; and connecting their research with industry,” he highlighted.
He also mentioned that Government of Kenya gave additional funds towards the programme.
Dr Evelyn Nguku who is the capacity-building specialist, stated that Rsif is looking forward to taking the collaboration further into research led networks.
“We already have existing partnerships with KU and they have partnerships in the US, Europe and South Korea through the sandwich placement programme. So, this needs to be taken further to strengthen the research capacity. ”
More visits are expected to continue to other Rsif AHUs.
Talking about our gut health daily is more important now than before. This is because the gut is often referred to as “our second brain”. The reason for this is that the gut influences our overall wellbeing. The state of our gut microbiome affects every aspect of our life, from the moment we eat food and digestion takes place, nutrient absorption to our immune function and mental health. Among the scientists making strides in this field to uncover deeper connections between gut health and chronic diseases is Dr Humphrey Andalo Mabwi, a Regional Scholarship and Innovation Fund (Rsif) graduate, whose PhD work revolved around Design of synthetic human gut microbiota ecosystem models for screening novel prebiotics from phytochemicals. Dr. Mabwi also won the best young researcher award at the just-concluded Kenya National Research Festival 2024.
The 38-year-old Kenyan is a lecturer Biology at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology and graduated with a Ph.D. in Molecular and Biotechnology at the Sokoine University of Agriculture and did his laboratory research work at Korea Institute of Science and Technology.
Rsif is the flagship programme of the Partnership for Skills in Applied Sciences, Engineering, and Technology (PASET), managed by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) as the Regional Coordination Unit.
Why study gut microbiota?
Q: What inspired you to focus on synthetic gut microbiota ecosystems, and can you tell us a little bit about your research focus in simple terms?
A: Human gut microbiota has been reported to be associated with the occurrence and development of several chronic metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. However, its is incredibly complex, with hundreds of bacterial species interacting in ways that are hard to fully comprehend. How to easily study the complex gut microbiota inspired me start working with synthetic human gut microbiomes. Synthetic ecosystems offer a simpler, controlled environment for easy investigation of complex human gut microbiota in diseases and health. Synthetic gut microbiome research is all about creating simplified versions of the bacteria that live in our gut to easily study them in a controlled way. In our stomachs and intestines, there are trillions of bacteria that help us digest food, fight off infections, and even influence our mood and brain function. But because the natural gut is so complex, it’s hard to figure out exactly how each type of bacteria works. So, creating synthetic versions of human gut microbiota ecosystem comprising key important types of bacteria, can help to understand how bacteria in our gut affect health and disease. This can also help in development of better treatments and in creation of prebiotics that can restore balance to the gut.
Q: Why is studying gut microbiota important for our health?
A: The gut microbiota is a key player in digestion, immune function, mental health, and disease prevention. By studying it, it’s possible to develop better treatments for various health conditions and improve overall well-being.
Q: What steps are involved in designing synthetic gut microbiota ecosystem?
A: Designing a synthetic gut microbiota ecosystem involves selecting the right bacteria, growing them in lab conditions in the correct medium, assembling them to form a community, and then culturing them in a bioreactor that mimics the human gut, and then testing how they interact and affect health.
Q: Please tell us what are phytochemicals in layman’s language and why they are significant for gut health?
A: Phytochemicals are natural substances produced by plants to protect them from things like bugs and diseases. When we eat fruits, vegetables, grains, and other plant foods, we also get these helpful compounds. Phytochemicals are not essential nutrients like vitamins or minerals, they can still do a lot of good things for our health. By influencing gut microbiota, reducing inflammation, and maintaining the gut barrier, phytochemicals play a vital role in promoting overall gut health, which is increasingly linked to mental health and immune function.
Q: Can you describe the methods you use to screen potential prebiotics from these phytochemicals?
A: The process of designing these synthetic gut microbiota ecosystems is thorough. It starts with selecting the right bacteria, growing them under controlled lab conditions, and then assembling them into a community that mimics the human gut. From there, we test how they interact and affect health, using various bioreactors that simulate the gut environment.
Through these ecosystems, we can screen potential prebiotics, which are compounds that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut.
We select phytochemicals based on their known bioactive properties, create a synthetic microbiota to simulate the human gut, and then introduce these compounds at physiologically relevant concentrations. We monitor changes using advanced techniques like 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analyze the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are critical for gut health.
Promising findings
Q: What have been some of your most surprising findings in this research focus?
A: Stability of synthetic microbial communities: synthetic microbial communities displayed a surprising level stability during my experiments. It was surprising also that I managed to replicate my results obtained with synthetic microbial communities using animal model. The same result observed with synthetic microbial communities was also observed using a mouse. This can offer new insights into designing robust probiotic or prebiotic therapies that can persist and function over time.
Q: How do these synthetic ecosystems help in understanding the effects of diet on gut health?
A: Synthetic gut microbiomes provide a versatile platform for dissecting the complex interactions between diet and gut health. They enable researchers to pinpoint specific dietary influences, understand microbial responses, and ultimately guide strategies for improving health through diet.
Q: What potential health benefits could arise from your research?
A: Identifying effective prebiotics can help promote a more diverse gut microbiome, which is associated with better overall gut health and resilience against diseases. Through influencing the gut microbiota composition and function, prebiotics derived from phytochemicals may positively affect the gut-brain axis, potentially alleviating symptoms of anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders. By promoting a healthy gut microbiome and SCFA production, prebiotics may lower the risk of colon cancer through mechanisms like improved gut barrier function and reduced inflammation. The identification of effective prebiotics can lead to the development of functional foods and supplements that specifically target gut health, improving public health outcomes.
Q: What challenges do you face when creating these synthetic ecosystems?
A: The human gut microbiome consists of hundreds to thousands of species, each with unique metabolic capabilities. Replicating this complexity in a synthetic model can be difficult. Secondly, the synthetic gut ecosystem must replicate the specific conditions of the human gut, including pH, temperature, oxygen levels, and nutrient gradients. Achieving these conditions can be technically challenging. Synthetic systems can also be susceptible to contamination from unwanted microbes, which can disrupt the intended microbial community. I failed to simulate interactions with the host’s immune system, gut epithelium, and other physiological components that influence microbial behavior and metabolism in my model.
Influencing dietary recommendations
Q: Looking ahead, how do you envision this research influencing future dietary recommendations or probiotic development?
A: By identifying specific prebiotics that beneficially affect distinct microbial profiles, synthetic gut models can help develop personalized dietary strategies that cater to individual microbiome compositions and health needs. Understanding how different individuals respond to various prebiotics can lead to targeted dietary interventions that optimize gut health based on individual microbiome characteristics. Additionally, findings from synthetic gut studies can contribute to the development of evidence-based dietary guidelines that incorporate specific prebiotics for improving gut health, reducing disease risk, and promoting overall well-being. Synthetic gut models will enable the screening of a broader range of phytochemicals and natural compounds for their prebiotic potential, leading to the discovery of new prebiotic sources beyond conventional options like inulin and oligosaccharides. My research can encourage the incorporation of diverse plant-based foods into dietary recommendations, promoting broader dietary patterns beneficial for gut health.
Dr. Humphrey A. Mabwi calls for incorporation of diverse plant-based foods into the diet. Photo/Courtesy
Q: How can the average person apply insights from your research to improve their gut health?
A: Focus on incorporating a wide range of dietary fibers into his/her diet, as different fibers can act as prebiotics. Foods high in fiber include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. Encouraged to focus on a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains provides a variety of phytochemicals and fibers that can act as prebiotics. Should aim for at least half of their plate to be filled with plant-based foods at each meal. Include foods high in phytochemicals, such as berries, green tea, and spices like turmeric, which may provide additional health benefits.
Take home message
Q: What message would you like to convey to those interested in nutrition and gut health based on your findings?
A: Let us embrace a diverse diet rich in various fibers and phytochemicals. Foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes not only nourish our bodies but also serve as food for our beneficial gut bacteria. We should not hesitate to experiment with less common prebiotic sources. Ingredients like, garlic, onions, can offer substantial benefits in supporting their gut microbiome. We should consider incorporating foods that contain both prebiotics and probiotics. This synergy can enhance the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria, promoting a healthier gut environment. We should keep ourselves updated on the latest research findings and dietary recommendations related to gut health.
As more research continues to unfold, the future of gut health—and our understanding of it—looks very promising. Dr. Mabwi’s work could lead to new strategies for optimizing our microbiota, promoting a healthier, more balanced gut for people not only in Kenya but worldwide
Maputo, Mozambique – A pivotal symposium was recently held at the University of Eduardo Mondlane (UEM) in Mozambique’s capital, Maputo, to address the urgent need to strengthen PhD programmes and research collaborations aimed at tackling escalating food insecurity exacerbated by climate change.
The event which was organised by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) – the Regional Coordination Unit for the Africa Regional Scholarship and Innovation Fund for Applied Sciences, Engineering, and Technology (Rsif) – in collaboration with UEM’s African Centre of Excellence in Agri-Food Systems and Nutrition, brought together leading scholars, researchers and policy makers across Africa.
Themed “Building Resilient Agrifood Systems and Climate Action in Mozambique,” the symposium convened academics and researchers from Mozambique and Rsif African Host Universities (AHUs) with PhD programmes in food security – Sokoine University of Agriculture ( Tanzania), University of Ghana (Ghana), Makerere University (Uganda), and Haramaya University (Ethiopia) – to collectively share climate mitigation and adaptation strategies to improve food production, pest control, and environmental sustainability. Rsif has enrolled 282 PhD students since 2018 in 15 AHUs, with 33.69 % undertaking PhD studies in food security and climate change.
With a report from Food and Agriculture Organisation raising a red flag that over 282 million people across Africa are facing food insecurity, worsened by climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, initiatives like Rsif play an important role in building resilient agrifood systems and addressing Africa’s skills gap in agriculture and climate science.
Keynote Insights and Future Directions
Dr. Rachida Mamade, Director of the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Higher Education, highlighted that Mozambique’s Government, through the MozSkills project, has pledged substantial resources to PhD training and innovation in agriculture, aiming to foster a skilled workforce capable of driving agricultural transformation.
Dr. Mamade remarked, “The support from Rsif and MozSkills is pivotal in creating sustainable solutions for Mozambique’s future.”
The symposium showcased UEM’s recent PhD programmes, focusing on pest management, microbial contamination in crops, and nutritional enhancements in soybeans and maize – all important for strengthening Mozambique’s agricultural resilience which in turn would boost food security for the citizenry.
On her part, Dr Ana Menezes, from The World Bank hailed the efforts of Rsif and the MozSkills project in advancing doctoral training and research capacity in Mozambique.
“The collaboration between Rsif African Host Universities and Mozambican institutions like the University Eduardo Mondlane is critical for addressing pressing challenges in food security and climate resilience. By working together, we can build stronger research ecosystems that not only benefit Mozambique but also contribute to sustainable development across Africa,” Dr Menezes said.
Dr Julius Ecuru, Manager, Research and Innovation Coordination Units at icipe, underscored the crucial role of such partnerships in equipping students with the skills needed to become independent scientists who contribute to their countries’ development. “With access to top facilities and diverse academic cultures, our students are globally competitive and can make significant contributions upon returning home,” Dr Ecuru stated.
The participants at the symposium also pointed out critical challenges in PhD training, including delayed graduation due to weak student- supervisor relationships, weak mentorship, low employability of PhD graduates and few post-doctoral programmes.
In tackling the challenges mentioned, the symposium participants proposed various recommendations to establish capacity building workshops, continuous mile stone tracking for the purpose of accountability and supervisor seminars to improve PhD completion timeline.
Group discussions during the symposium.
Besides a proposal to buttress university incubation centres to help PhD students commercialize their research, employers were also urged to recognize the diverse skillset PhD graduates have. Furthermore, participants highlighted the need for dedicated resources to establish postdoctoral and mentorship programmes and emphasized the importance of enhancing student and faculty mobility through international research collaborations.
The symposium discussed and agreed to work together to address challenges in fostering research collaboration, particularly poor research infrastructure and the weak link between research and industry needs. Universities were urged to allocate more funds to improve research facilities and leverage development grants to procure essential equipment. It was recommended that PhD programmes aim to solve real-world industry problems, with curricula updated to align with industry demands. Strengthening partnerships with industry and technical vocational institutes (TVETs) was also emphasized to enhance mentorship and provide PhD students with access to specialised resources and equipment.
Looking Ahead
The symposium set a strong foundation for continued collaboration between Rsif AHUs and UEM, aiming to grow this into a formidable network of African universities with globally recognised PhD programmes in agricultural and food systems and climate action.
The event provided a clear roadmap for strengthening doctoral training and promoting regional cooperation to build resilient agrifood systems in the face of growing climate adversity.
Between January – June 2024, 18 Rsif PhD scholars completed their dissertations, contributing to the Fund’s vision to build a sustainable pan-African science base, while advancing global knowledge and scientific research that addresses critical challenges in Africa. Selected examples:
Climate change: Fenet Belay (Ethiopia); registered at Bayero University Kano, Nigeria (African Host University – AHU), sandwich placement at Greenwich University Institute of Natural Resource Management, UK (International Partner Institution – IPI) demonstrated how smallholder farmers in her home country can adapt to climate change through improved crop varieties, irrigation technology, and crop diversification. She is currently working as a lecturer, researcher, and community server in the College of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine at Jimma University, Ethiopia.
Yéfoungnigui Souleymane Yeo (Côte d’Ivoire); registered at Félix Houphouët-Boigny University in Côte d’Ivoire (AHU) with sandwich placement at French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, France (IPI) focused on addressing the challenges faced by mango farmers in Côte d’Ivoire. His research findings support the development of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that can be adapted to local soil and climatic conditions.
Mwende Mbilo (Kenya) who was registered at the University of Nairobi, Kenya (AHU) with sandwich placement at Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), South Korea (IPI) advanced solar energy technology with her work on organic solar cells. She is currently pursuing a course at the African Leadership Academy in South Africa.
Minerals, mining and materials engineering: Jonas Bayuo (Ghana); registered at The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIS, Tanzania (AHU) with sandwich placement at the Institute of Green BioScience & Technology, Seoul National University, South Korea (IPI), developed innovative methods to remove toxic substances from water, contributing to public health and environmental protection. Jonas is currently a lecturer and researcher at the C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana. He is the lead researcher in a recently awarded project funded by Carnegie Corporation of New York, USA under the Rsif Junior Investigator Research Award (JIRA).
Ruth Lorivi Moirana (Tanzania), registered at NM-AIST, Tanzania (AHU) with sandwich placement at the University of Greenwich Natural Resources Institute (NRI), UK (IPI), researched soil contamination, offering solutions to improve agriculture around Mount Meru. She is currently a Lecturer in Material Science and Engineering at NM-AIST, Tanzania and the current lead researcher in a project funded by PASET-Rsif under the Junior Investigator Research Award (JIRA).
Energy: Sami Florent (Burkina Faso); registered at the University of Nairobi, Kenya (AHU) with sandwich placement at Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Morocco (IPI), addressed his country’s load-shedding challenges through grid-connected photovoltaic systems. He is the President of the ‘Association pour le Développement et la Lutte contre le Changement Climatique (ADLCC)’, Burkina Faso, since 2021.
ICT including big data and artificial intelligence: Zakaria Sawadogo (Burkina Faso); registered at Gaston Berger University, Senegal (AHU) with sandwich placement at Greenwich University, UK (IPI), tackled mobile security with a focus on Android malware. As he seeks new career prospects, he offers considerable expertise in ICTs, focusing on cybersecurity and artificial intelligence as a Researcher.
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) serving as the Regional Coordination Unit of the Africa Regional Scholarship and Innovation Fund for Applied Sciences, Engineering, and Technology (Rsif) in collaboration with the University Eduardo Mondlane’s African Centre of Excellence in Agri-Food Systems and Nutrition hosted a landmark symposium titled “Building Resilient Agrifood Systems and Climate Action in Mozambique.” Held on September 16 2024, at the University Eduardo Mondlane (UEM) in Maputo, Mozambique, this event brought together leading experts, researchers, and scholars from the continent and abroad, to address some of the most pressing challenges facing the continent today: food insecurity and climate change.
Food insecurity in Africa has reached alarming levels, affecting over 282 million people, a situation made worse by the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change. African universities can address these challenges if their research capacities are strengthened, personnel skilled and research infrastructure improved. Enhancing doctoral training and strengthening research and innovation capacities is one of the important ways to address these gaps. This symposium responded to these critical issues, emphasizing the need for efficient adaptation strategies, including advances in agricultural science, technology, and innovation.
Mozambique is at the forefront of these initiatives as a contributing member to Rsif through its World Bank-funded MozSkills project. The country’s investment in PhD training, research, and innovation grants aims to increase the number of high-quality doctoral faculty, enhance research capacity, and drive innovation in key areas such as food security and climate change.
To date, Rsif has awarded 282 PhD scholarships, with 40 funded by the Government of Mozambique, benefiting 32 Mozambican nationals. Among these scholars, 18 are engaged in research addressing crucial issues in food security and climate resilience, tackling challenges like microbial contamination, pest and disease management in crops, and the nutritional improvement of staple foods. Additionally, Rsif has provided 53 research and innovation grants, including 14 to Mozambican faculty members. Ten of these projects are, focusing on sustainable agricultural development and climate resilience.
The University Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique’s premier institution for higher education, is playing a pivotal role in these efforts. With a strong focus on producing research that addresses national development needs, UEM has recently introduced PhD programs in fields critical to agrifood systems and climate resilience. These programs are designed to build the next generation of leaders in agriculture, engineering, and public health, with a vision to expand enrolment and research output in the coming years.
“The University Eduardo Mondlane is proud to play a leading role in driving innovation in agrifood systems and climate resilience. Our recent strides in developing PhD programs focused on Agri-Food Systems and Climate Action, combined with our multi-disciplinary approach and commitment to excellence, position us at the forefront of Mozambique’s development. By investing in our researchers, enhancing our doctoral programs, and fostering strategic partnerships, we are making tangible progress towards achieving long-term food security and building sustainable climate resilience,” said Dr. Rachida Mamade, Director, Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, Mozambique during the symposium.
Dr. Rachida Mamade, Director, Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, Mozambique.
The symposium, held as a pre-conference event to the 13th African Crop Science Society Conference (ACSSC), facilitated cross-learning between faculty, researchers, and students from Mozambican higher education institutions and research centres and four Rsif African Host Universities (AHUs) including Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania, University of Ghana, Makerere University in Uganda and Haramaya University in Ethiopia, enabling participants to share experiences and benchmark best practices in PhD program design, implementation, and research in agrifood systems.
The symposium discussed and agreed to work together to improve curriculum, student assessment, supervision, and quality assurance. These efforts align with Rsif’s commitment to promoting collaboration and partnerships in its PhD training model, ultimately enhancing research capacities for practical and impactful development across the continent. There was also broad interest and consensus to strengthen collaboration between icipe and UEM, and between UEM and the Rsif AHUs that participated in the symposium.
“We deeply appreciate the efforts of Rsif and the MozSkills project in advancing doctoral training and research capacity in Mozambique. The collaboration between Rsif African Host Universities and Mozambican institutions like the University Eduardo Mondlane is critical for addressing pressing challenges in food security and climate resilience. By working together, we can build stronger research ecosystems that not only benefit Mozambique but also contribute to sustainable development across Africa.” said Dr Ana Menezes, World Bank, at the symposium.
Dr Ana Menezes, World Bank
“We equip our students with holistic training, combining scientific expertise with skills in research integrity, data science, and more. International partnerships give them access to top facilities and diverse academic cultures, making them highly competitive globally. With the right environment at home, they can return and contribute as independent scientists to national growth,” added Dr Julius Ecuru, Manager, Research and Innovation Coordination Units, during the event.
Dr Julius Ecuru, Manager, Research and Innovation Coordination Units.
As Africa continues to face the dual challenges of food insecurity and climate change, events like the Rsif symposium at UEM are critical for driving innovation and building resilient agrifood systems. By strengthening doctoral training and fostering collaboration across the continent, Rsif and its partners are laying the groundwork for a sustainable and food-secure future for Africa.
